Glossary
Abdomen; The part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs
Abdominal; Having to do with the abdomen
Abnormal; Not normal
Advanced cancer; Cancer that has spread to other areas in the body and usually difficult to be cured or controlled with treatment
Aorta; The largest artery in the body, arises from the left ventricle of the heart, goes up (ascends) a little ways and descend down to the abdomen where it branches in to smaller arteries (the common iliac
Appetite; Natural desire for food and drinks
Artery; A vessel that carry blood away from the heart to other tissue of the body
Ascites; Is the excess fluid in the space between the tissues lining the abdomen and abdominal organs (the peritoneal cavity)
Atrophy; Is a shrinking of an organ or part, or a failure to grow to normal size as the result of disease
Benign; Noncancerous
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy; Surgical removal of both ovaries and both fallopian tubes
Biopsis; A minor surgical procedure during which a small tissue specimen is removed and examined microscopically for the presence of disease (often cancer)
Biotherapy; Treatment to boost or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases
Bladder; An organ in the pelvic region where urine is stored before it leaves the body
Blood; A specialized connective tissue made up of cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) and plasma, which transport oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries away wastes from the tissue
BRCA1 and BRCA2 (Breast cancer 1 &2); Are genes responsible for the breast and ovarian cancer when a mutation occur in them.
Breast cancer; Is a cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.
CA-125; is a serum tumour maker which is released into the blood stream and tend to elevate in ovarian cancer and other disease
Cancer;Is a general term for diseases in which there is an uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells. Cancer cells can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body (metastases).
Capillaries; The smallest type of blood vessel which connects an arteriole (small artery) to venule (small vein) to form a network of blood vessels in almost all parts of the body.
Carcinogens; Substance that have the potential to cause cancer
Cavity; A hollow area; as in the body cavity (such as the space within the abdomen) or a hole in a tooth caused by decay
Cell division; Process in which cell (parent cell) divides or into two or more cells (daughter cells); there are two form, mitosis (in somatic cells) and meiosis (in germ cells)
Cell; Is the unit of life that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cell
Cervix; Is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina
Chemotherapy; The use of chemical agents (drugs) in the treatment or control of disease (such as cancer)
Colon cancer; Cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon.
Colon; Is the longest part of the large intestine running from the cecum to rectum.
Conceptions: Getting pregnant due to fertilization of the eggs by the sperm
Constipation; A condition in which stool becomes hard, dry, and difficult to pass, and bowel movements don’t happen very often.
Contraceptives; Birth-control pills use to prevent pregnancy
Contrast material; A dye or other substance that helps show abnormal areas inside the body. It is given by injection into a vein, by enema, or by mouth
Chromosome; Is a long, stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information (DNA) and is formed from condensed chromatin.. Chromosomes are located within the nucleus of a cell
CT scan: Is an imaging technique, in which a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body is taken. The images are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine.
Cure; To heal or restore health
Diagnosis; The process of identifying a disease, (such as cancer) from its signs and symptoms
Gonads; organs that produces reproductive cell gamete as testis in male and ovary in female
Drugs; Any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition
Dyspareunia; Difficulty with intercourse, associated with vaginal pain
Echoes; A repetition of sound caused by reflection of the sound waves from a surface
Eggs; A female reproductive cells produce by the ovary
Endometriosis; Is a condition in which the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus (e.g, on the ovaries or bowel), often resulting in severe pelvic pain and infertility
Endometrium; The tissue that lines the inside of the uterus
Epithelium; the tissue that lines or covers the surface of other organs such as ovary
Estrogen; A female hormone produced by the ovaries, influencing the growth and health of female reproductive organs.
Fallopian tube; A slender muscular tube which connect the ovaries with the uterus and through which eggs pass from an ovary to the uterus
Fibroids; Is a benign (noncancerous) growth composed of fibrous and muscular tissue which usually develops in the wall of the uterus. It is related with painful and excessive menstrual flow
First-degree relative: The parents, brothers, sisters, or children of an individual
Gastrointestinal tract; Is part of the digestive system, comprising of the stomach and the intestines. It also includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and rectum.
Gene; The functional and physical unit of heredity, responsible for the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring
Gynaecological; Associated with the female reproductive system
Hereditary; Transmitted from parent to child by information contained in the genes.
Hormone; Is a chemical substance produce by endocrine glands in the body that affect the functions and growth of the body. Example estrogen produces by the ovaries
Hysterectomy; Surgical removal of the uterus
Immune system; The complex group of cells and organs that defends the body against infections and other diseases
Immunotherapy; Is a form of treating a disease that aimed at boosting or restoring the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases.
Implantation; Is the process by which the embryo become attach or embedded to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) early during the pregnancy
Incision; A cut made in the body to perform surgery.
Infertile; The condition of being incapable of, or unsuccessful in, reproducing (in women, becoming pregnant)
Injection; The use of a syringe and needle to introduce a fluids or drugs into the body
Lactation; Is the process of milk production, during which the mother breast feed the baby
Laparaotomy; A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen
Ligament; Is a tough fibrous band of tissue connecting the articular end of bones or supporting an organ in place
Liver; Is a large organ located in the upper abdominal cavity, which purify blood by detoxifying substance and also aids in digestion by secreting bile.
Lung; One of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
Lymph vessel; A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymphatic vessel
Lymph; The clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infections and other diseases. Also called lymphatic fluid
Lymphatic system; A group of tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases in the body.
Malignant; (Cancerous)- A tumour that invades tissues around it and may spread to the other part of the body
Menarche; The first menstruation by a young lady
Menopause; Is the final menstrual period, which can be confirmed after going 12 consecutive months without a period. This time marks the permanent end of menstruation and fertility.
Menstruation;Is a monthly discharge of blood, secretions, and tissue debris from the uterus that recurs in non-pregnant woman
Mesenchyme; A loosely arranged type of embryonic tissue, which can differentiate into much type of cells
Metastasis; The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another
Mortality; Death rate or loss of life
Mutations; A random change in the gene or chromosome resulting in new characters that can be inherited.
Omentum; A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen
Omentectomy; Surgery to remove part or all of the omentum
Oogenesis; Is the process of gamete formation in which the ovaries produce the egg / ovum
Oophorectomy; Surgery intended to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by removing the ovaries before disease develops.
Organ; A part of the body that performs a specific function, which is made from different tissues of similar function, For example, the heart is an organ.
Ovarian; Having to do with the ovaries, the female reproductive glands in which the ova (eggs) are formed
Ovary; One of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed.
Ovulation; Is the process whereby matured eggs /ova is release from the ovary
Parity; Condition of having given birth,
Pelvic cavity; Is the space inside the lower abdomen that contain the reproductive organs (e.g, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes).
Pelvic examination; A physical examination of the pelvic region to detect the present of any lumps or changes in the shape of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum.
Pelvis; The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones
Peritoneal cavity; The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver. It is bound by thin membranes.
Peritoneum; The tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen
Pollutant; A substance that contaminate the something or a place, example chemicals or waste produce by the companies
Postmenopausal; The span of time after menopause (the final menstrual period)
Premenopausal; Is the span of time from puberty (onset of menstrual periods)
Prevalence; Is the ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population
Progesterone; A female sex hormone that is released by the ovaries after ovulation to prepare the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to receive and sustain the fertilized egg and thus permit pregnancy
Prognosis; The course of a disease; the chance of recovery or recurrence
Puberty; Is a stage in human physiological development when somebody becomes capable of sexual reproduction. It is marked by genital maturation, development of secondary sexual characteristic and in girls, the first occurrence of menstruation
Radiation; A form of energy released in the form of particle or electromagnetic waves, use for many purposes, like treating / curing disease such as cancer,
Rectum; The last part of the large intestine which is terminates at the anus
Reproductive organs; These are organs involve in reproduction; In female, it includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis.
Risk factor; something that increases the chance of developing a disease
Screening; Is a strategy used in a population to detect a disease in individual without signs or symptoms of that disease
Serum; (Blood plasma)-A component of blood that is neither a blood cells nor a clotting factors, which contains proteins
Sonogram; An imaging procedure (called ultrasound) in which echoes from sound waves passing through tissue create pictures of structures deep within the body
Spinal column; Consist of the bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone The spinal column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord
Stage; The extent of spread of cancer in the body
Staging; Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
Surgery; (An operation)- A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present
Symptom; An indication of an illness condition or disease
Tissues; A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function
Transducer; Is a device that converts one form of energy to another
Tubal ligation; The tying, or cutting of the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy and induce sterility
Tumour; An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should
Ultrasound; An imaging procedure in which echoes from sound waves passing through tissue create pictures of structures deep within the body
Uterine cavity; A space within the uterus, in which the fetus develop
Uterus; Is a pear-shaped muscular organ located in the pelvis where the embryo is implanted
Vagina; The muscular canal that goes from the uterus to the outside of the body, and provide conduit for the passage of the baby during birth; (also called birth canal)
Vein; A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart from tissues and organs in the body.
X-ray; A type of high-energy radiation, use to take images of the body for diagnostic purpose (in low dose) and treat cancer in high dose
Abdominal; Having to do with the abdomen
Abnormal; Not normal
Advanced cancer; Cancer that has spread to other areas in the body and usually difficult to be cured or controlled with treatment
Aorta; The largest artery in the body, arises from the left ventricle of the heart, goes up (ascends) a little ways and descend down to the abdomen where it branches in to smaller arteries (the common iliac
Appetite; Natural desire for food and drinks
Artery; A vessel that carry blood away from the heart to other tissue of the body
Ascites; Is the excess fluid in the space between the tissues lining the abdomen and abdominal organs (the peritoneal cavity)
Atrophy; Is a shrinking of an organ or part, or a failure to grow to normal size as the result of disease
Benign; Noncancerous
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy; Surgical removal of both ovaries and both fallopian tubes
Biopsis; A minor surgical procedure during which a small tissue specimen is removed and examined microscopically for the presence of disease (often cancer)
Biotherapy; Treatment to boost or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases
Bladder; An organ in the pelvic region where urine is stored before it leaves the body
Blood; A specialized connective tissue made up of cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) and plasma, which transport oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries away wastes from the tissue
BRCA1 and BRCA2 (Breast cancer 1 &2); Are genes responsible for the breast and ovarian cancer when a mutation occur in them.
Breast cancer; Is a cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.
CA-125; is a serum tumour maker which is released into the blood stream and tend to elevate in ovarian cancer and other disease
Cancer;Is a general term for diseases in which there is an uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells. Cancer cells can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body (metastases).
Capillaries; The smallest type of blood vessel which connects an arteriole (small artery) to venule (small vein) to form a network of blood vessels in almost all parts of the body.
Carcinogens; Substance that have the potential to cause cancer
Cavity; A hollow area; as in the body cavity (such as the space within the abdomen) or a hole in a tooth caused by decay
Cell division; Process in which cell (parent cell) divides or into two or more cells (daughter cells); there are two form, mitosis (in somatic cells) and meiosis (in germ cells)
Cell; Is the unit of life that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cell
Cervix; Is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina
Chemotherapy; The use of chemical agents (drugs) in the treatment or control of disease (such as cancer)
Colon cancer; Cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon.
Colon; Is the longest part of the large intestine running from the cecum to rectum.
Conceptions: Getting pregnant due to fertilization of the eggs by the sperm
Constipation; A condition in which stool becomes hard, dry, and difficult to pass, and bowel movements don’t happen very often.
Contraceptives; Birth-control pills use to prevent pregnancy
Contrast material; A dye or other substance that helps show abnormal areas inside the body. It is given by injection into a vein, by enema, or by mouth
Chromosome; Is a long, stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information (DNA) and is formed from condensed chromatin.. Chromosomes are located within the nucleus of a cell
CT scan: Is an imaging technique, in which a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body is taken. The images are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine.
Cure; To heal or restore health
Diagnosis; The process of identifying a disease, (such as cancer) from its signs and symptoms
Gonads; organs that produces reproductive cell gamete as testis in male and ovary in female
Drugs; Any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition
Dyspareunia; Difficulty with intercourse, associated with vaginal pain
Echoes; A repetition of sound caused by reflection of the sound waves from a surface
Eggs; A female reproductive cells produce by the ovary
Endometriosis; Is a condition in which the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus (e.g, on the ovaries or bowel), often resulting in severe pelvic pain and infertility
Endometrium; The tissue that lines the inside of the uterus
Epithelium; the tissue that lines or covers the surface of other organs such as ovary
Estrogen; A female hormone produced by the ovaries, influencing the growth and health of female reproductive organs.
Fallopian tube; A slender muscular tube which connect the ovaries with the uterus and through which eggs pass from an ovary to the uterus
Fibroids; Is a benign (noncancerous) growth composed of fibrous and muscular tissue which usually develops in the wall of the uterus. It is related with painful and excessive menstrual flow
First-degree relative: The parents, brothers, sisters, or children of an individual
Gastrointestinal tract; Is part of the digestive system, comprising of the stomach and the intestines. It also includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and rectum.
Gene; The functional and physical unit of heredity, responsible for the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring
Gynaecological; Associated with the female reproductive system
Hereditary; Transmitted from parent to child by information contained in the genes.
Hormone; Is a chemical substance produce by endocrine glands in the body that affect the functions and growth of the body. Example estrogen produces by the ovaries
Hysterectomy; Surgical removal of the uterus
Immune system; The complex group of cells and organs that defends the body against infections and other diseases
Immunotherapy; Is a form of treating a disease that aimed at boosting or restoring the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases.
Implantation; Is the process by which the embryo become attach or embedded to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) early during the pregnancy
Incision; A cut made in the body to perform surgery.
Infertile; The condition of being incapable of, or unsuccessful in, reproducing (in women, becoming pregnant)
Injection; The use of a syringe and needle to introduce a fluids or drugs into the body
Lactation; Is the process of milk production, during which the mother breast feed the baby
Laparaotomy; A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen
Ligament; Is a tough fibrous band of tissue connecting the articular end of bones or supporting an organ in place
Liver; Is a large organ located in the upper abdominal cavity, which purify blood by detoxifying substance and also aids in digestion by secreting bile.
Lung; One of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
Lymph vessel; A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymphatic vessel
Lymph; The clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infections and other diseases. Also called lymphatic fluid
Lymphatic system; A group of tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases in the body.
Malignant; (Cancerous)- A tumour that invades tissues around it and may spread to the other part of the body
Menarche; The first menstruation by a young lady
Menopause; Is the final menstrual period, which can be confirmed after going 12 consecutive months without a period. This time marks the permanent end of menstruation and fertility.
Menstruation;Is a monthly discharge of blood, secretions, and tissue debris from the uterus that recurs in non-pregnant woman
Mesenchyme; A loosely arranged type of embryonic tissue, which can differentiate into much type of cells
Metastasis; The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another
Mortality; Death rate or loss of life
Mutations; A random change in the gene or chromosome resulting in new characters that can be inherited.
Omentum; A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen
Omentectomy; Surgery to remove part or all of the omentum
Oogenesis; Is the process of gamete formation in which the ovaries produce the egg / ovum
Oophorectomy; Surgery intended to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by removing the ovaries before disease develops.
Organ; A part of the body that performs a specific function, which is made from different tissues of similar function, For example, the heart is an organ.
Ovarian; Having to do with the ovaries, the female reproductive glands in which the ova (eggs) are formed
Ovary; One of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed.
Ovulation; Is the process whereby matured eggs /ova is release from the ovary
Parity; Condition of having given birth,
Pelvic cavity; Is the space inside the lower abdomen that contain the reproductive organs (e.g, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes).
Pelvic examination; A physical examination of the pelvic region to detect the present of any lumps or changes in the shape of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum.
Pelvis; The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones
Peritoneal cavity; The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver. It is bound by thin membranes.
Peritoneum; The tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen
Pollutant; A substance that contaminate the something or a place, example chemicals or waste produce by the companies
Postmenopausal; The span of time after menopause (the final menstrual period)
Premenopausal; Is the span of time from puberty (onset of menstrual periods)
Prevalence; Is the ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population
Progesterone; A female sex hormone that is released by the ovaries after ovulation to prepare the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to receive and sustain the fertilized egg and thus permit pregnancy
Prognosis; The course of a disease; the chance of recovery or recurrence
Puberty; Is a stage in human physiological development when somebody becomes capable of sexual reproduction. It is marked by genital maturation, development of secondary sexual characteristic and in girls, the first occurrence of menstruation
Radiation; A form of energy released in the form of particle or electromagnetic waves, use for many purposes, like treating / curing disease such as cancer,
Rectum; The last part of the large intestine which is terminates at the anus
Reproductive organs; These are organs involve in reproduction; In female, it includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis.
Risk factor; something that increases the chance of developing a disease
Screening; Is a strategy used in a population to detect a disease in individual without signs or symptoms of that disease
Serum; (Blood plasma)-A component of blood that is neither a blood cells nor a clotting factors, which contains proteins
Sonogram; An imaging procedure (called ultrasound) in which echoes from sound waves passing through tissue create pictures of structures deep within the body
Spinal column; Consist of the bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone The spinal column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord
Stage; The extent of spread of cancer in the body
Staging; Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
Surgery; (An operation)- A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present
Symptom; An indication of an illness condition or disease
Tissues; A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function
Transducer; Is a device that converts one form of energy to another
Tubal ligation; The tying, or cutting of the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy and induce sterility
Tumour; An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should
Ultrasound; An imaging procedure in which echoes from sound waves passing through tissue create pictures of structures deep within the body
Uterine cavity; A space within the uterus, in which the fetus develop
Uterus; Is a pear-shaped muscular organ located in the pelvis where the embryo is implanted
Vagina; The muscular canal that goes from the uterus to the outside of the body, and provide conduit for the passage of the baby during birth; (also called birth canal)
Vein; A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart from tissues and organs in the body.
X-ray; A type of high-energy radiation, use to take images of the body for diagnostic purpose (in low dose) and treat cancer in high dose
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(Copyright © 2011 by U. Bala)
(Copyright © 2011 by U. Bala)